The evolutionary universals of development were identified by: 

(A) John L Woods 

(B) Walt Rostow

(C) Wilbur Schramm 

(D) Talcott Parsons

Correct Ans: (D)

Explanation:

Talcott Parsons, a prominent American sociologist, identified the evolutionary universals of development. He argued that all societies undergo similar stages of development, which he described as “evolutionary universals.” These stages represent common patterns in social development, such as the transition from traditional to modern structures. Parsons believed these universals enable societies to adapt and evolve over time, ensuring survival and progress.

Parsons grounded his work in functionalism, a sociological perspective that views society as a complex system with interconnected parts. He maintained that societies must evolve to maintain stability and cope with changes in technology, economy, and culture. Parsons identified key elements of social systems—such as socialization, cultural values, and institutional frameworks—that shape a society’s development.

His theory influenced developmental sociology and helped explain how modernization unfolds similarly across cultures. Parsons’ identification of the evolutionary universals of development provided a theoretical foundation for understanding the progress of societies from simple to complex structures.