Tag: R

Journalism and Mass Communication 2019 For calculating rank order correlation, which data type is most suitable? NominalOrdinalIntervalRatio Explanation- The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient is a nonparametric measure of the strength and direction of association that exists between two variables measured on at least an ordinal scale1. It is denoted by the symbol rs. 2. ‘R’ is a: Survey Collection ToolData Analysis SoftwareBig Data CrawlerCitation Manager Explanation- By Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman, 'R' software like SPSS was designed as a statistical platform for data cleaning, analysis, and representation. This shows how popular R programming is in data science. 3. ‘Digital Divide’ is in context of: Information haves and information have-notsAccess to ComputersAccess to the InternetAll the above Explanation- Digital divide is a term that refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology, and those that don't or have restricted access. This technology can include the telephone, television, personal computers and the Internet2. 4. Data derived from reliable measurements or observation is known as: Experimental DataEmpirical DataEthnographic DataElectronic Data Explanation- Empirical evidence is information acquired by observation or experimentation. Scientists record and analyse this data3. 5. Arrange the units of computer memory in ascending order. TerabyteKilobyteGigabyteMegabyte (a), (c), (d), (b)(a), (d), (b), (c)(b), (d), (c), (a)(b), (c), (d), (a) Explanation- Units of Computer memory in ascending order. Bit, Byte, Kilo Byte, Mega Byte, Giga Byte, Tera Byte, Peta Byte, Exa Byte, Zetta Byte, Yota Byte, Bronto Byte. 6. Sustainable Developments Goal number 4 deals with: PovertyGenderEducationEquality Explanation- The Sustainable Development Goals are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 for the year 20304. GOAL 1: No Poverty; GOAL 2: Zero Hunger; GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being; GOAL 4: Quality Education; GOAL 5: Gender Equality; GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation. 7. ----------- refers to the use of digital tools to achieve Social and Political change. Media ActivismOnline ActivismVital MovementDigital Trolls Explanation- Media activism is a broad category of activism that utilizes media and communication technologies for social and political movements5. 8. Gaining knowledge about the way media institutions work and how they produce content is known as Journalism TrainingMass Communication EducationMedia and Information LiteracyCommunication Training Explanation- Media Literacy is the ability to access, analyse, evaluate and create media in a variety of forms and all these we receive through media6. 9. ‘Oligopoly’ in media industry refers to: Industry monopolised by large number of media companiesIndustry monopolised by small number of media companiesIndustry monopolised by medium number of media companiesNone of the above Explanation- An oligopoly is much like a monopoly, in which small number of firms or only single company has control over most of a market. 10. What is the purpose of pilot study in a research? To gauge suitability of conducting full studyTo find respondents for full studyTo finalise methodology for full studyTo finalise sampling for full study Explanation- A pilot study is a small scale preliminary study conducted in order to evaluate feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and improve upon the study design prior to performance of a full-scale research project7. 11. Identify the theory whose core idea is that ‘technology shapes the cause of human evolution’. Technology Controlled TheoryTechnological Determinism TheoryTechnology Dissonance TheoryTechnological Resistivity Theory Explanation- Technological determinism tries to understand how technology has had an impact on human action and thought8. 12. In which communication setting, transactional analysis is most suitable? Intra-personal communicationInter-personal communicationGroup CommunicationMass Communication Explanation- TA studies transactions amongst people and understands their interpersonal behavior. It was developed by Eric Berne, a psychotherapist. 13. USENET belongs to the period of: Pre Computer NetworkPre WWW NetworkClient NetworkInternet Explanation- USENET is a worldwide distributed discussion system available on computers and over a decade before the World Wide Web went online and the general public received access to the Internet, making it one of the oldest computer network communications systems9. 14. ‘Framing’ refers to the process by which the: Media places information into frameMedia places news story into frameMedia places event into frameAll the above Explanation- The Framing theory in media was first put forth by Goffman, under the title of Frame Analysis. The concept of framing is related to the agenda-setting tradition. The basis of framing theory is that the media focuses attention on certain events and then places them within a field of meaning10. 15. Non-parametric tests measure variables at: Ratio levelInterval levelOrdinal levelNon-conditional level Explanation- Nonparametric statistical tests are used instead of the parametric tests when the data is nominal or ordinal (rather than interval or ratio)11. 16. Find ‘mean’ for the following dataset. 19, 24, 28, 29, 30, 34, 38, 42, 49, 51, 51, 61, 64 35404550 17. Find ‘median’ for the following dataset. 19, 24, 28, 29, 30, 34, 38, 42, 49, 51, 51, 61, 64 35363738 18. Find ‘mode’ for the following dataset. 19, 24, 28, 29, 30, 34, 38, 42, 49, 51, 51, 61, 64 51494238 19. Find ‘variance’ for the following dataset. 19, 24, 28, 29, 30, 34, 38, 42, 49, 51, 51, 61, 64 201.8202.8203.8204.8 20. Find ‘Standard deviation’ for the following dataset. 19, 24, 28, 29, 30, 34, 38, 42, 49, 51, 51, 61, 64 14.2815.2816.2817.28 21. Who proposed ‘ABX Model of Communication’? Seven WindahlJames DearingMaxwell McCombsThodore Newcomb Explanation- The New Comb's model or 'ABX Model of Communication was introduced by Theodore M Newcomb in 1953.He concentrates on the social purpose of communication, showing all communication as a means of sustaining relationships between people12. 22. Term ‘Digital Natives’ refers to people who have Inhabited the terrain from childhoodInhabited the terrain of the internet from adulthoodAccess to the internet occasionallyAccess to the internet always Explanation- Digital natives are the opposite of digital immigrants; they have been interacting with technology from childhood13. Digital native is a term coined by Mark Prensky in 2001 used to describe the generation of people who grew up in the digital age14. 23. ‘Creative Common’ (CC) gives license of: Complete freedom for share, use and build Complete freedom for share, use and build with attributionComplete freedom for share, use and built for non-commercialComplete freedom for share, use and build only under share alike Explanation- A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that he or she (that author) has created.There are six different Creative Commons licenses: CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC BY-ND, CC BY-NC-SA, CC BY-NC-ND. The letter pairs indicate conditions for use15. 24. In ‘Information Society’, the information has become the central and most significant: ResourceRaw materialCommodityNatural source Explanation- Information Society is a term for a society in which the creation, distribution, and The economist Fritz Machlup develop the concept of the information society. Closely related concepts are the post-industrial society (Daniel Bell) and network society (Manuel Castells)16. 25. A hypothesis that suggest that, changes in one variable cause changes in another, is referred to: Relational hypothesisCausal hypothesisNull hypothesisAssociative hypothesis Explanation- Causal hypotheses aim to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another17. Relational hypotheses aim to determine if relationships exist between a set of variables. A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables17. Alternative hypothesis is one that states there is a statistically significant relationship between two variables17. 26. Identity the ‘’Open Source Software’’ from the following. Open officeMicrosoft officeLinux OSMac OS (a)and (c) (a), (c) and (d) (b) and (c) (b) and (d) Explanation- Open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, distribute, modify, and enhance. Example- Mozilla Firefox and Chromium. Some software has source code that only the person, team, or organization that created it—and maintains exclusive control over it—can modify. It is known as "proprietary" or "closed source" software. Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop are examples of proprietary software18. 27. Who introduced ‘noise’ in a communication model? Shannon and WeaverDenis McQuailWilber SchrammHarold Lasswell Explanation- Noise was introduced as a concept in communication theory by Shannon and Weaver in the 1940s. 28. Through ‘data traingulation method’ a researcher can enhance his/her study’s: PopularityValidityAccessibilityReadability Explanation- This is a way of assuring the validity of research through the use of a variety of methods to collect data on the same topic, which involves different types of samples as well as methods of data collection19. Denzin (1978) identified four basic types of triangulation:20 Data triangulation: involves time, space, and persons.Investigator triangulation: involves multiple researchers in an investigation.Theory triangulation: involves using more than one theoretical scheme in the interpretation of the phenomenon.Methodological triangulation: involves using more than one method to gather data, such as interviews, observations, questionnaires, and documents. 29. A construct is a combination of: VariablesHypothesesControl factorsConcepts Explanation- A construct is an indicator variable that measures a characteristics, or trait. For example, college admission scores are constructs that measure how well a student is likely to do in their first year21. 30. Pre-conceived beliefs about the characteristics of a group are referred as: PrejudiceStereotypeRacismHegemony Explanation- Stereotypes are beliefs that we have about the characteristics of a group.Prejudice means preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience22.Hegemony- Leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others23.Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity24. References- https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/spearmans-rank-order-correlation-using-spss-statistics.phphttps://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/digital-dividehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_activismhttps://www.medialit.org/media-literacy-definition-and-morehttps://slideplayer.com/slide/6027740/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_determinismhttps://wikimili.com/en/Usenethttps://masscommtheory.com/theory-overviews/framing-theory/http://www.mathcs.duq.edu/~packer/Courses/Psy624/Nonparametric.htmlhttps://www.communicationtheory.org/the-newcomb’s-model/https://medium.com/digital-reflections/digital-natives-and-digital-immigrants-how-are-they-different-e849b0a8a1d3https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/digital-native.asphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_societyhttps://study.com/academy/lesson/causal-relational-hypotheses-definitions-examples.htmlhttps://opensource.com/resources/what-open-sourcehttps://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_triangulation_of_data_in_qualitative_research_Is_it_a_method_of_validating_the_information_collected_through_various_methodshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_(social_science)https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-construct-in-research-methodshttps://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudicehttp://www.caledonia.org.uk/hegemony.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism Now Practice with Playing QUIZ [WpProQuiz 4]

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