The dependency theory has identified obstacles to development as

(A) internal

(B) external

(C) neutral

(D) traditional

Correct Ans: (B)

Explanation:
The dependency theory posits that external obstacles hinder the development of poorer nations. This theory, primarily associated with scholars like Andre Gunder Frank and Immanuel Wallerstein, asserts that underdeveloped countries are trapped in a cycle of dependency on wealthier, developed nations.

These external factors include:

• Exploitation of resources by colonial powers.
• Economic and political domination of rich countries.
• Unequal trade relations that benefit industrialized nations, leaving poorer countries at a disadvantage.

Unlike theories that focus on internal or cultural factors, the dependency theory places significant emphasis on the historical and structural inequalities imposed by global powers. This external dependency leads to economic exploitation, keeping poorer nations in a state of underdevelopment.

The other options are not consistent with dependency theory:

• (A) Internal obstacles are more emphasized by theories like modernization.
• (C) Neutral factors don’t align with the focus of dependency theory.
• (D) Traditional obstacles often relate to internal cultural or societal norms, which is not the focus of the dependency theory.

Thus, the external forces identified by dependency theory are the main barriers to the development of poorer nations.