“No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law” as per the article:   

(A) 19 (1) A 

(B) 19 (2)  

(C) 21 

(D) 22

Correct Ans: (C)

Explanation:

Article 21 of the Indian Constitution protects every individual’s right to life and personal liberty. It clearly states, “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.” This article ensures that the government cannot take away life or liberty without following a fair legal process.

The Supreme Court of India has expanded Article 21’s interpretation over time. Initially, the court limited its meaning to physical survival. Later, the judiciary added broader rights such as the right to education, privacy, health, and a clean environment. These rights now form an integral part of living with dignity.

This article ensures that state actions respect individual freedoms. The term “procedure established by law” requires the government to act fairly and justly while restricting life or liberty. However, critics often raise concerns that the state might misuse these procedures to limit freedoms.

Unlike Articles 19(1)(A) and 19(2), which focus on free speech, Article 21 emphasizes the protection of life and personal liberty. It also differs from Article 22, which safeguards individuals against arbitrary detention.

Article 21 acts as a foundation for fundamental rights in India. It continuously evolves to address modern issues, ensuring justice, fairness, and dignity for all citizens. As a result, its role remains crucial in protecting personal freedoms and promoting equality.