The readability test, Fog Index, was developed by (A) Rudolph Flesch (B) Robert Gunning (C) James Reston (D) Walter Cronkite Correct Ans: (B) Explanation: The Fog Index, developed by Robert Gunning, is a readability test that measures the complexity of written text. It helps writers, journalists, and public relations professionals assess how easily readers can understand their content. By calculating the average sentence length and the percentage of complex words, the Fog Index provides a readability score. Unlike other readability tests, such as the Flesch Reading Ease, the Fog Index focuses specifically on eliminating unnecessary complexity in writing. Gunning introduced it in 1952, emphasizing the need for clear and concise communication, especially in journalism and business writing. For instance, a high Fog Index score indicates that a text is difficult to read, meaning it may contain long sentences and complex words. In contrast, a lower score suggests that the text is simple and accessible. Ideally, content intended for a general audience should have a Fog Index score of around 8, while highly technical documents may have higher scores. Moreover, this is widely used in media, education, and corporate communication. Journalists apply it to ensure that news articles are easy to understand, while businesses use it to refine reports, marketing materials, and public statements. However, readability is not just about reducing complexity; it is also about maintaining clarity and engagement. Writers must balance simplicity with meaningful content to effectively convey their message. In conclusion, Robert Gunning’s test remains a valuable tool for assessing text readability. By simplifying writing and improving clarity, it ensures that communication is more effective and audience-friendly.