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The readability test of Fog Index was developed by: (A) Rudolf Flesch (B) James Power (C) Robert Gunning (D) Dale-Chall Correct Ans: (C) Explanation:Robert Gunning developed the Fog Index to measure the readability of English-language writing. This tool helps writers, especially in journalism and public communication, assess how easy a text is to understand. Gunning introduced it in 1952 to combat unclear, overly complex writing in newspapers and business communication. The Fog Index calculates the number of years of formal education a reader needs to understand a text on the first reading. It considers two main factors: average sentence length and the percentage of complex words (those with three or more syllables, excluding proper nouns and familiar terms). A higher Fog Index score indicates harder-to-read content, while a lower score reflects better clarity and accessibility. For example, a Fog Index score of 12 means the average reader would need a 12th-grade education to understand the content easily. Writers aiming for mass audiences usually target scores between 7 and 9. This keeps information accessible to the general public, which is crucial in fields like journalism, advertising, and education. Unlike other readability tests, such as the Flesch Reading Ease or Dale–Chall formula, the Fog Index directly links complexity to educational level. Gunning’s tool became especially popular in media and public relations, where clear messaging matters most. In summary, the Fog Index encourages writers to simplify their language. It promotes shorter sentences and fewer complex words, improving reader comprehension. Robert Gunning’s contribution remains vital in the quest for effective written communication, particularly in mass media and professional writing.

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The readability test of Fog Index was developed by:

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