In the Dependency Theory propounded by Ball – Rokeach and Defleur, the following element is not a component. (A) Societal System (B) Media System (C) Knowledge System (D) Audience Correct Ans: (C) Explanation: Dependency Theory, proposed by Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur, highlights the relationship between the societal system, media system, and audience in shaping media effects. However, the "knowledge system" is not a component of this theory. The theory emphasizes how individuals or groups depend on mass media to fulfill specific needs, especially during times of uncertainty or change. These dependencies arise from three main components. The societal system refers to the broader social, economic, and political structures. It examines how these systems influence media usage and the reliance people place on media during events like crises or elections. The media system focuses on how mass media serves as the primary source of information for individuals. Media organizations produce content that caters to the audience's need for information, entertainment, or social connection. Dependency on media grows as these organizations provide essential resources for understanding and navigating the societal environment. Lastly, the audience represents the individuals or groups consuming media content. Their level of dependency varies based on personal goals, such as understanding issues, making decisions, or simply seeking entertainment. The knowledge system, however, is not part of this model. While knowledge acquisition can result from media consumption, it is an outcome rather than a structural component of the theory. In conclusion, Dependency Theory focuses on societal, media, and audience systems while excluding the knowledge system as a core element.