The school of thought which advocated media manipulation of images and symbols to protect the interests of the dominant class is: (A) Frankfurt School (B) Chicago School (C) Toranto School (D) Glasgow School Correct Ans: (A) Explanation: The Frankfurt School argued that media manipulates images and symbols to protect the interests of the dominant class. Scholars such as Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse explored how mass media reinforces existing power structures. They believed that media serves as a tool for the ruling elite, shaping public perception and limiting critical thinking. For example, entertainment industries produce films, advertisements, and news content that promote dominant ideologies. As a result, audiences passively consume messages without questioning underlying power dynamics. The Frankfurt School introduced the concept of "culture industry," which explains how mass-produced media maintains social control by discouraging independent thought. On the other hand, the Chicago School focused on media's role in shaping urban society. The Toronto School, led by Marshall McLuhan, studied media's impact on human perception. The Glasgow School emphasized media bias in news reporting and propaganda. Since the Frankfurt School directly addressed media manipulation in favor of the ruling class, the correct answer is (A) Frankfurt School. Their critical perspective remains influential in media studies, particularly in analyzing propaganda, consumer culture, and media ownership.
