Match the following: List I- (Types of validity)List II- (Characteristic)(a) Face validity(i) The measuring instrument is checked against some present criterion(b) Predictive validity(ii) Involves relating a measuring instrument to a theoretical framework(c) Concurrent validity(iii) A measuring instrument should measure what it should measure(d) Construct validity(iv) Checking a measuring instrument against some future outcome Codes:(a)(b)(c)(d)(A)(i)(iii)(iv)(ii)(B)(ii)(iii)(i)(iv)(C)(iii)(iv)(i)(ii)(D)(iv)(i)(ii)(iii) Correct Ans: (C) Explanation: In research, especially in communication studies, we must ensure that our measuring instruments are accurate and meaningful. Different types of validity help us verify this. Let’s explore them in detail. First, Face validity looks very basic. It simply checks if a test or tool appears to measure what it's supposed to. For example, if a questionnaire claims to assess news literacy, it should contain questions clearly related to news. Therefore, it matches with the idea that a measuring instrument should measure what it should measure. Next, Predictive validity focuses on the future. It checks whether a measurement can predict a future outcome. For instance, if an aptitude test today can predict job success later, it holds predictive validity. Hence, it aligns with checking a measuring instrument against some future outcome. Then, Concurrent validity compares the tool with a present benchmark. If a new communication skills test aligns with an already trusted one, it has strong concurrent validity. Thus, it matches with the measuring instrument checked against some present criterion. Finally, Construct validity digs deeper. It connects the measurement tool to a theoretical concept. It confirms whether a survey about media habits truly reflects media use theory. This links it with relating a measuring instrument to a theoretical framework. So, when we match these correctly: (a) Face validity → (iii) (b) Predictive validity → (iv) (c) Concurrent validity → (i) (d) Construct validity → (ii) This makes Option (C) the right and logically structured answer. To sum up, all these types of validity strengthen research. They ensure that the tools we use in media studies are not just reliable but also meaningful and theoretically sound.