Who first described mass media as a culture industry? (A) Stuart Hall (B) Theodor Adorno (C) Stuart Mill (D) Jean Boudrillard Correct Ans: (B) Explanation: The term "culture industry" was first introduced by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, two prominent members of the Frankfurt School. They coined this term in their 1944 book Dialectic of Enlightenment. Their theory criticized how mass media and entertainment industries manipulated culture, turning it into a tool for profit and social control. According to Adorno, mass media functions like a factory, producing standardized cultural products such as films, music, and television shows. These products create an illusion of choice but actually promote conformity and discourage critical thinking. For example, Hollywood movies follow predictable formulas to appeal to the masses rather than encourage independent thought. Adorno argued that the culture industry reinforces capitalist ideology by distracting people from real social and economic issues. Instead of questioning authority or seeking change, audiences passively consume entertainment designed to keep them satisfied and obedient. This aligns with the Frankfurt School’s broader critique of how mass media serves as a tool for hegemonic control. In conclusion, Theodor Adorno’s culture industry theory remains influential in media studies. It highlights concerns about how media influences society, shapes public perception, and maintains dominant power structures. Even today, debates on media manipulation, consumerism, and ideological control reflect Adorno’s early critiques of the culture industry.