Assertion (A): Adorno and Horkhiemer believed that mass media were a cultural industry. Reason (R): Since the media were producing ‘safe, standardised’ products to suit the needs of the socialist economy. Codes: (A) Both (A) and (R) are true. (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (D) (A) is false, but (R) is true. Correct Ans: (C) Explanation: The Assertion (A) is true because Adorno and Horkheimer viewed mass media as a cultural industry. They believed that media companies produced content like factories, prioritizing profit over creativity and critical thought. Their theory, part of the Frankfurt School’s critical perspective, criticized media for controlling public perception and reinforcing consumerist ideologies. However, Reason (R) is false because their critique did not focus on a socialist economy. Instead, they argued that capitalist mass production led to 'safe, standardized' media products. They believed that mass media, controlled by a few powerful entities, promoted passive consumption, discouraging independent thinking. Their concern was with how capitalism shaped media content to serve economic and ideological interests. Since Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false, the correct answer is (C): (A) is true, but (R) is false. In conclusion, Adorno and Horkheimer criticized the capitalist media industry for creating uniform, commercialized content. Their work remains a key reference in media and cultural studies, influencing debates on media ownership, consumerism, and cultural homogenization.