Match the following:
| (List I- Authors) | (List II- Concept) |
| (a) E.F. Schumaker | (i) Popular participation in development |
| (b) Julius Nyrere | (ii) Change in power relations for development |
| (c) Mahatma Gandhi | (iii) Intermediate technology |
| (d) Robert Hornik | (iv) Basic needs fulfilment |
| Codes: | (a) | (b) | (c) | (d) |
| (A) | (ii) | (iv) | (iii) | (i) |
| (B) | (iii) | (i) | (iv) | (ii) |
| (C) | (i) | (iv) | (ii) | (iii) |
| (D) | (iv) | (i) | (iii) | (ii) |
Correct Ans: (B)
Explanation:
In this question, we match authors to their key development concepts. Let’s break it down clearly.
- E.F. Schumaker, for instance, is known for his idea of intermediate technology. This concept focuses on using practical, affordable technology suitable for developing countries. As a result, such technology proves more sustainable than large-scale alternatives (Match a-iii).
- On the other hand, Julius Nyerere emphasizes popular participation in development. He argues that involving people directly in the development process ensures that it becomes more inclusive and sustainable. Therefore, this active participation becomes a key aspect of development (Match b-i).
- Mahatma Gandhi, in contrast, emphasizes basic needs fulfilment. According to Gandhi, before pursuing larger economic goals, society must first meet the basic needs of its people—such as food, shelter, and healthcare. This approach lays a foundation for sustainable development (Match c-iv).
- Lastly, Robert Hornik discusses the concept of change in power relations for development. He stresses that development needs to empower marginalized communities by shifting power structures. Without this change, true progress remains out of reach (Match d-ii).
Thus, the correct pairing is (B), where each author is linked to their corresponding concept.
