High predictability in communication will lead to: 

1. nationality
2. entropy
3. redundancy
4. propaganda

Correct Ans: (C)

Explanation:
In communication theory, redundancy refers to the repetition of information to ensure comprehension and reduce the chance of misunderstanding. When communication becomes highly predictable, it naturally leans toward redundancy. This predictability enhances message clarity by countering noise or distortion in the communication process.

Redundancy is particularly useful in mass communication, where messages must reach large and diverse audiences. Think of public service announcements or emergency alerts — they often repeat key points using different formats like text, audio, and visuals. This ensures the message gets through even when distractions exist.

Shannon and Weaver’s model introduces the concept of entropy, which measures uncertainty or unpredictability in a message. High entropy means a message is hard to predict or decode. Redundancy, on the other hand, lowers entropy by reinforcing the message, thus making it easier to process.

For example, in a classroom, a teacher might say the same point in multiple ways or use visual aids. In doing so, the teacher increases redundancy, ensuring that students understand the message clearly. This strategy also applies in advertising and news delivery, where repetitive formats build retention.

In short, high predictability boosts redundancy, making communication more reliable and effective. While excessive redundancy may become monotonous, an optimal level is crucial for ensuring understanding, especially across socio-economic and linguistic differences.