Explanation- Auguste Comte was the father of positivism and inventor of the term sociology. In sociology, Positivism is the view that social phenomena such as human social behaviour and how societies are structured ought to be studied using only the methods of the natural science.

Explanation- APA format is commonly used to cite sources in psychology, education, and the social sciences. The APA style originated in a 1929 article published in Psychological Bulletin that laid out the basic guidelines.

Explanation– Parenthetic referencing is also known as Harvard referencing. Parenthetical citations are often used in MLA format, APA format, and many other styles. Footnotes are often used in Chicago format citations. Parenthetical citations are placed directly after the quote or paraphrase. Parenthetical citation includes the last name of the original author and the page number that the information was found.

Example of footnote citation- ‘The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.’¹

Notice the small, superscript number 1 next to the quote above. On bottom of the page, the reader would find the number 1, and next it they’ll see the footnote.

Explanation- Nora C Quebral is often referred as ‘’mother of development communication’’. Her latest revision definition for development communication is as  ‘the art and science of human communication linked to a society’s planned transformation from a state of poverty to one of dynamic socio-economic growth that makes for greater equity and the larger unfolding of individual potential.

Explanation- A pre filming visit to a location to determine its suitability for shooting, including access to necessary facilities and assessment of any potential lighting.

Explanation- Applied research is a methodology used to solve a specific, practical problem of an individual or group. It aims at finding solution for an immediate problem facing a society, or an industrial/business organisation.

Explanation- The Portable Document Format is a file format developed by Adobe in the 1990s.

Explanation- it’s literally meaning is ‘Voice of people.’ It can be done anywhere street, road, and Bazaar etc. In Journalism, Vox Pops or man on the street refers to short interviews with members of the public.

Explanation- Logical deduction is the process of reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logically certain conclusion.

Explanation- Anecdotal information is not based on facts or careful study. Neck of the Vase structure is best suited for anecdotal feature.

Explanation- Aura is a quality integral to an artwork that cannot be communicated through mechanical reproduction techniques – such as photography. The term was used by Walter Benjamin in his influential 1936 essay The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.

Explanation- All over the world, the media is used to control and for propaganda purposes. The Propaganda model of media control was introduced by Edward. S. Herman and Noam Chomsky in their book ‘Manufacturing Consent – The Political Economy of the Mass Media’.

Explanation- The idea that language was a spandrel, a term coined by Gould, flew in the face of natural selection. In fact, Gould and Chomsky pose the theory that many human behaviors are spandrels. These various spandrels came about because of a process Darwin called “pre-adaptation,” which is now known as exaptation.

Explanation- An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper’s purpose.

Contractions help to save space when preparing advertisements, slogans, and other written works that must be short and to the point.

Explanation- Participant observation is one type of data collection method typically used in qualitative research and ethnography. Life history interviewing is a qualitative method of data collection where people are asked to document their life over a period of time.

Explanation-  Rhetoric is the art of persuasion. The definition of a rhetor is a great speaker, or a teacher of rhetoric or public speaking.

Explanation- Questions in survey are from core areas and interdisciplinary.

Explanation- A pan is a horizontal camera movement in which the camera moves left and right about a central axis. i.e. mounted in a fixed location on a tripod or shoulder, rather than a dolly-like movement in which the entire mounting system moves.

Explanation- A micro phone with a cardoid pick-up pattern hears sound best from the front and actively rejects sound from behind. This mic is  heart-shaped pickup pattern. A Supercardioid polar pattern is more directional than Cardioid; Hypercardioid even more so. Unlike Cardioid, both of these polar patterns have sensitive rear lobes (smaller in the Supercardioid) that pick up sound, which can make positioning.

Explanation- A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.

Explanation- The aspect ratio of an image describes the proportional relationship between its width and its height. It is commonly expressed as two numbers separated by a colon, as in 16:9.

Explanation- The decibel (abbreviated dB) is the unit used to measure the intensity of a sound.

Explanation- Actuality:- In radio, the sound of something specifically audio material recorded out of the studio on location, either voices or other sounds such as ambient noise. Sometimes called a sound bite. In television sometimes called sync.

Explanation- Slug lines direct our attention to what’s important within a scene. They add punch, and can be used to heighten the pacing. Camera angles written as slug lines, such as “REVERSE SHOT,” are usually superfluous.

Condenser microphonesrequire power from a battery or external source. The resulting audio signal is stronger signal than that from a dynamic.

Explanation-  This important book reports on and interprets studies implemented primarily during 1950, in six Middle East Arab countries: Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Iran.

Explanation-  A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, Salvation (1971), explains his notion of Christian poverty as an act of loving solidarity with the poor as well as a liberatory protest against poverty.

Laggards are the last to adopt an innovation. Unlike some of the previous categories, individuals in this category show little to no opinion leadership. These individuals typically have an aversion to change-agents. Laggards typically tend to be focused on “traditions”, lowest social status, lowest financial liquidity, oldest among adopters, and in contact with only family and close friends.

Daniel Lerner termed mass media  as mobility of multipliers and Wilbur Schramm considers them to be magic multipliers.

Explanation- This is a term created by Augusto Boal to describe those engaged in Forum theatre. It refers to the dual role of those involved in the process as both spectator and actor, as they both observe and create dramatic meaning and action in any performance.

Explanation- The book ‘Wealth of Nation’s touches upon such broad topics as the division of labour, productivity, and free markets.

‘Meta-Theory of Communication’ presented by Majid Tehranian.

Explanation- Classroom Discussion is a group communication.

Phatic communication is verbal or non-verbal communication that has a social function, such as to start a conversation, greet someone, or say goodbye, rather than an informative function.

Triadic communication- Triadic is a communication between three or more persons.

Dyadic Communication- The term ‘Dyadic communication’, in general refers to an interaction between two persons.

Explanation- “haptic” means anything relating to the sense of touch.

Reportage is often regarded as the most exalted form of journalism, yet it is, after all, no more than writing that is concerned with the reporting of news or events.

An aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels.

Mimesis is a Greek term that means imitation. Plato divides imitation by medium (words, paint, marble, etc.). He further divides the verbal techniques of imitation into pure imitation or mimesis, in which an actor impersonates a character on stage, and diegesis, or narration, in which a narrator speaks in the third person about events.

XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language. XML is a markup language much like HTML. XML was designed to store and transport data.

Intra is a prefix meaning “within”; something that is “intrapersonal” takes place inside one individual.

Raymond Williams developed the concept of mobile privatization as part of his criticism of the failings of technological determinism and its role in accounts of media history. It plays a central role in his alternative social shaping account of the development of radio and television broadcasting.

Jacques Derrida was an Algerian-born French philosopher best known for developing a form of semiotic analysis known as deconstruction, which he discussed in numerous texts, and developed in the context of phenomenology.

The concept of information entropy was introduced by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”.
Entropy: refers to messages which convey highly unpredictable information to the receiver. redundancy: refers to messages which convey highly predictable information to the receiver.

One contribution Schramm made was to consider the fields of experience of the sender and receiver. The sender encodes the message, based upon the sender’s field of experience. The user’s field of experience guides decoding.

If connotation is the second order meaning of the signifier, the MYTH IS THE SECOND ORDER MEANING OF THE SIGNIFIED.
Barthwal conceptualised myth as second order of signification.

Like flexography, gravure printing is often used for high-volume printing of packaging, wallpaper and gift wrap. Although less common, gravure printing may also be used for printing magazines, greeting cards, and high-volume advertising pieces.

Mohd. Iqbal is called the “Spiritual Father of Pakistan.

Teflon (PTFE-Polytetrafluoroethylene) is used as a non-stick coating for pans and other cookware. It is nonreactive.

The first king of Magadha dynasty was Bimbisara founded the Haryanka dynasty whose capital was Rajagriha, later Pataliputra.

FTII is a member of the International Liaison Centre of Schools of Cinema and Television (CILECT). B.P Singh is the present chairman of FTII.

Vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness and it also help in preventing lung cancer.

Positivists believe that the researcher and the researched person are independent of each other, post positivists accept that theories, background, knowledge and values of the researcher can influence what is observed.

Experimental research is any research conducted with a scientific approach, where a set of variables are kept constant while the other set of variables are being measured as the subject of experiment.

A deductive approach is aimed and testing theory, an inductive approach is concerned with the generation of new theory emerging from the data.

Empirical approach refers to the scientific method of inquiry and observation through experiments.

Categorical variables are qualitative data in which the values are assigned to a set of distinct groups or categories. These groups may consist of alphabetic (e.g., male, female) or numeric labels (e.g., male = 0, female = 1) that do not contain mathematical information beyond the frequency counts related to group membership. Instead, categorical variables often provide valuable social-oriented information that is not quantitative by nature (e.g., hair color, religion, ethnic group).

A double-blind study is one in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment. This procedure is utilized to prevent bias in research results.
A single-blind study in which the experimenters are aware of which participants are receiving the treatment while the participants remain unaware.
A partial blind study in which investigator assessing the outcome is aware of the assignment in at least one treatment group but unaware of the treatment assignment(s) in one or more other treatment groups.

because the difference between each value is the same. For example, the difference between 60 and 50 degrees is a measurable 10 degrees, as is the difference between 80 and 70 degrees.

Practicality- It refers to the economy of time, effort and money in testing.

Validity- The term validity refers to whether or not a test measures what it intends to measure.

Reliability- Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. Psychologists consider three types of consistency: over time (test-retest reliability), across items (internal consistency), and across different researchers (inter-rater reliability).

MDA technique reduces the differences between some variables so that they can be classified in a set number of broad groups, which can then be compared to another variable.

Canonical correlation analysis is a method for exploring the relationships between two multivariate sets of variables (vectors), all measured on the same individual. Consider, as an example, variables related to exercise and health.

Indian Institute of Science (IISc) located in Bangalore, India, is a public institute for research and higher education in science, engineering, design, and management.

Plagiarism Disciplinary Authority (PDA) of the HEI, based on recommendations of the
Academic Misconduct Panel (AMP), shall impose penalty considering the severity of the
Plagiarism.
i. Level t: Similarities above 10 to 4o% – Such student shall not be given any
mark and/or credit for the plagiarized script and shall be asked to submit a revised
script within a stipulated time period not exceeding 6 months.
ii. Level z: Similarities above 40% to 6o% – Such student shall not be given any
mark and/or credit for the plagiarized script and shall be asked to submit a revised
script after a time period of one year but not exceeding eighteen months.
iii. Level 3: Similarities above 6o% -Such student shall not be given any mark
and/or credit for the plagiarized script and his/her registration for that course to be
cancelled.

Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification and plagiarism, and does not include honest error or differences of opinion.

DOIs are in wide use mainly to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as journal articles, research reports and data sets, and official publications though they also have been used to identify other types of information resources, such as commercial videos.