Assertion (A): Concurrent validity in research is closely related to predictive validity. 

Reason (R): The measuring instrument is not checked against any present criterion in concurrent validity. 

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true. 

(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). 

(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. 

(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Correct Ans: (C)

Explanation:

Concurrent validity closely relates to predictive validity, as both assess how well a measurement tool aligns with real-world outcomes. Researchers use concurrent validity to compare a new test with an already established one, ensuring both produce similar results. In contrast, predictive validity measures how well a test can predict future outcomes. Since both focus on comparing test results with known measures, they share similarities.

However, the reason given in the statement is false. In concurrent validity, researchers check the measuring instrument against a present criterion. They assess whether the test correlates with current performance rather than future predictions. If a new journalism aptitude test aligns with existing standardized tests, it demonstrates concurrent validity.

Thus, while the assertion is true, the reason is incorrect. Concurrent validity does involve checking against a present criterion, which contradicts the reason’s claim.

In conclusion, concurrent validity ensures that new tests align with established measures, strengthening research accuracy. Unlike predictive validity, which forecasts future outcomes, concurrent validity confirms reliability in the present.