Denis Goulet explained the concept of: 

1. modernisation
2. backwardness
3. real development
4. developmentalism

Correct Ans: (C)

Explanation:
Denis Goulet, a leading development thinker, introduced the idea of real development to challenge purely economic measures of progress. He argued that development should not be limited to GDP growth or industrial expansion. Instead, it must center on human dignity, freedom, and ethical well-being.

According to Goulet, real development means enabling people to live meaningful lives. It focuses on reducing inequality, promoting justice, and respecting cultural values. Economic growth alone cannot solve poverty or empower communities unless it addresses deeper social and moral concerns.

Goulet emphasized that development must be people-centered. This involves participation, inclusion, and self-determination. Communities should have a voice in shaping their futures, not just receive aid or instruction from outside forces. His perspective aligns closely with participatory communication models, where dialogue leads to empowerment.

Ethics plays a key role in real development. Goulet believed that without moral guidance, technology and policy could lead to exploitation or alienation. Therefore, planners and policymakers must consider the human impact of every action. This includes the emotional, cultural, and spiritual dimensions of life—not just material conditions.

His work continues to influence how we view progress in media, education, and development. Real development, in his view, happens when people grow in freedom, knowledge, and solidarity.

In summary, Denis Goulet’s concept of real development calls for a deeper, more human-centered approach. It highlights the importance of values, ethics, and active participation in creating a just and inclusive world.