Who said that practical control of instrumental reason was by communicative rationality?

(A) Derrida

(B) Habermas

(C) Lyotard

(D) Friedrich Nietzsche

Correct Ans: (B)

Explanation:

Jürgen Habermas, a leading philosopher and sociologist, stated that communicative rationality provides practical control over instrumental reason. His theory emphasizes that rational communication, based on mutual understanding, should guide decision-making rather than pure efficiency or power-driven logic.

Instrumental reason focuses on achieving goals through technical or strategic means. It often prioritizes results over ethical considerations. However, Habermas argued that without communicative rationality, instrumental reason can become manipulative and oppressive. By contrast, communicative rationality ensures that decisions align with shared values and democratic discourse.

For example, in media and public debates, communicative rationality encourages open discussions where all viewpoints matter. Instead of simply imposing authority, it promotes reasoning based on consensus and understanding. This principle plays a key role in journalism, democracy, and ethical communication.

Now, looking at the other thinkers, their views differ from Habermas. Derrida is known for deconstruction, which questions fixed meanings. Lyotard focused on postmodern skepticism toward grand narratives. Meanwhile, Nietzsche critiqued rationality itself, favoring a more instinct-driven perspective. None of them directly addressed communicative rationality in controlling instrumental reason.

In conclusion, Habermas highlighted the importance of rational dialogue in shaping ethical decision-making. His theory remains influential in media studies, public discourse, and critical communication. By prioritizing understanding over manipulation, communicative rationality ensures more just and effective communication practices.