The first research effort on war propaganda was conducted by (A) Daniel Lerner (B) Elihu Katz (C) Carl Hovland (D) Walter Lippmann Correct Ans: (C) Explanation: The first research effort on war propaganda was conducted by Carl Hovland (Option C). Hovland, a prominent psychologist, is best known for his pioneering studies on the impact of propaganda during World War II. He studied how persuasive messages in the media could influence public attitudes and behaviors, particularly in the context of wartime communications. Hovland’s research focused on understanding how different types of messages could alter public opinion. He examined the factors that made propaganda more effective, including the credibility of the source, the content of the message, and the emotional appeal of the communication. His work laid the foundation for future studies on media influence, propaganda, and persuasion. While Daniel Lerner, Elihu Katz, and Walter Lippmann made significant contributions to media and communication theories, it was Hovland who first systematically researched the effects of war propaganda, setting the stage for broader studies on media influence. In conclusion, Carl Hovland is recognized for his pioneering research on the psychological and social effects of war propaganda. His work significantly contributed to our understanding of media influence and its role in shaping public opinion during times of conflict.