IGNOU Ph.D./M.Phil. Entrance Test Paper 2019 (Mass Communication)

The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient is a nonparametric measure of the strength and direction of association that exists between two variables measured on at least an ordinal scale. It is denoted by the symbol rs.

By Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman, ‘R’ software like SPSS was designed as a statistical platform for data cleaning, analysis, and representation. This shows how popular R programming is in data science.

Digital divide is a term that refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology, and those that don’t or have restricted access. This technology can include the telephone, television, personal computers and the Internet.

cal evidence is information acquired by observation or experimentation. Scientists record and analyze this data.

The Sustainable Development Goals are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 for the year 2030.
GOAL 1: No Poverty; GOAL 2: Zero Hunger; GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being; GOAL 4: Quality Education; GOAL 5: Gender Equality; GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation.

Media activism is a broad category of activism that utilizes media and communication technologies for social and political movements.

Media literate means being able to access, analyze, and evaluate information, which we receive through media.

An oligopoly is much like a monopoly, in which small number of firms or only single company has control over most of a market.

A pilot study is a small scale preliminary study conducted in order to evaluate feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and improve upon the study design prior to performance of a full-scale research project.

Technological determinism tries to understand how technology has had an impact on human action and thought.

TA studies transactions amongst people and understands their interpersonal behavior. It was developed by Eric Berne, a psychotherapist.

Usenet is a worldwide distributed discussion system available on computers and over a decade before the World Wide Web went online and the general public received access to the Internet, making it one of the oldest computer network communications systems.

The Framing theory in media was first put forth by Goffman, under the title of Frame Analysis. The concept of framing is related to the agenda-setting tradition. The basis of framing theory is that the media focuses attention on certain events and then places them within a field of meaning.

Nonparametric statistical tests are used instead of the parametric tests when the data is nominal or ordinal (rather than interval or ratio).

Solution:-
Mean=Sum of given number/n(total no.)
=19+24+28+29+30+34+38+42+49+51+51+61+64/13
=520/13
=40

Solution:-
Mode= highest frequency of numbers
Here, 51 is repeated two times which is highest among the given numbers.
So, Mode= 51.

The New Comb’s model or ‘ABX Model of Communication was introduced by Theodore M Newcomb in 1953.He concentrates on the social purpose of communication, showing all communication as a means of sustaining relationships between people.

Digital natives are the opposite of digital immigrants; they have been interacting with technology from childhood.
Digital native is a term coined by Mark Prensky in 2001 used to describe the generation of people who grew up in the digital age.

A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that he or she (that author) has created.
There are six different Creative Commons licenses: CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC BY-ND, CC BY-NC-SA, CC BY-NC-ND. The letter pairs indicate conditions for use.

Information Society is a term for a society in which the creation, distribution, and
The economist Fritz Machlup develop the concept of the information society.
Closely related concepts are the post-industrial society (Daniel Bell) and network society (Manuel Castells).

Causal hypotheses aim to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another.
Relational hypotheses aim to determine if relationships exist between a set of variables.
A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables.
Alternative hypothesis is one that states there is a statistically significant relationship between two variables.

Open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, distribute, modify, and enhance. Example- Mozilla Firefox and Chromium.
Some software has source code that only the person, team, or organization that created it—and maintains exclusive control over it—can modify. It is known as “proprietary” or “closed source” software. Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop are examples of proprietary software.

Noise was introduced as a concept in communication theory by Shannon and Weaver in the 1940s.

This is a way of assuring the validity of research through the use of a variety of methods to collect data on the same topic, which involves different types of samples as well as methods of data collection.
Denzin (1978) identified four basic types of triangulation:
Data triangulation: involves time, space, and persons.
Investigator triangulation: involves multiple researchers in an investigation.
Theory triangulation: involves using more than one theoretical scheme in the interpretation of the phenomenon.
Methodological triangulation: involves using more than one method to gather data, such as interviews, observations, questionnaires, and documents.

A construct is an indicator variable that measures a characteristics, or trait. For example, college admission scores are constructs that measure how well a student is likely to do in their first year.

Stereotypes are beliefs that we have about the characteristics of a group.
Prejudice means preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
Hegemony- Leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others.
Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity.