Previous year questions of the NTA UGC NET Exam are designed in the form of ‘Information and Communication Technology (ICT)- Chapter-wise Quiz Khelo’ which will enhance accuracy, speed, knowledge, and many more.
Quiz Khelo- Information and Communication Technology (ICT)- (UGC-NET Paper I)
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- 158
- Answered
- Review
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Question 1 of 158
1. Question
2 pointsUsing websites to pour out one’s grievances is called:
Correct
Venting is your anger by electronic means.ย Internet has become a popular venue for venting frustration.
Incorrect
Venting is your anger by electronic means.ย Internet has become a popular venue for venting frustration.
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Question 2 of 158
2. Question
2 pointsIn web search, finding a large number of documents with very little relevant information is termed:
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 3 of 158
3. Question
2 pointsThe concept of connect intelligence is derived from:
Correct
Value-Added Network (VAN) A value-added network (VAN) is a private, hosted service that provides companies with a secure way to send and share data with its counter parties.
Incorrect
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Question 4 of 158
4. Question
2 pointsUse of an ordinary telephone as an Internet appliance is called:
Correct
Voice Lineย is a low-cost phone service that is an alternative to your traditional phone line.
Incorrect
Voice Lineย is a low-cost phone service that is an alternative to your traditional phone line.
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Question 5 of 158
5. Question
2 pointsVideo transmission over the Internet that looks like delayed livecasting is called:
Correct
Although aย videoย broadcast that is streamed live may be consideredย real-time video.
Incorrect
Although aย videoย broadcast that is streamed live may be consideredย real-time video.
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Question 6 of 158
6. Question
2 pointsLAN stands for:
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 7 of 158
7. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following statement is correct?
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 8 of 158
8. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following is the appropriate definition of a computer?
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 9 of 158
9. Question
2 pointsInformation and Communication Technology includes:
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 10 of 158
10. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following is the appropriate format of URL of e-mail?
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 11 of 158
11. Question
2 pointsOn the keyboard of computer each character has an “ASCII” value which stands for:
Correct
It is a code for representing 128 English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127.
Incorrect
It is a code for representing 128 English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127.
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Question 12 of 158
12. Question
2 pointsWhich part of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) performs calculation and makes decisions:
Correct
Anย arithmetic logic unitย (ALU) is a combinational digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers.
Incorrect
Anย arithmetic logic unitย (ALU) is a combinational digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers.
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Question 13 of 158
13. Question
2 points“Dpi” stands for:
Correct
Dots per inchย (DPI, orย dpi) is a measure of spatial printing, video or image scannerย dotย density, in particular the number of individualย dotsย that can be placed in a line within the span of 1ย inchย (2.54 cm).
Incorrect
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Question 14 of 158
14. Question
2 pointsThe process of laying out a document with text, graphics, headlines and photographs is involved in
Correct
The software that supportsย desktop publishingย has a WYSIWYG graphical user interface (GUI) to make the set-up forย publishingย as easy as possible. Programs such as Adobe InDesign, Microsoftย Publisher, QuarkXPress, Serif PagePlus, and Scribus areย examples of desktop publishingย software.
Incorrect
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Question 15 of 158
15. Question
2 pointsTransfer of data from one application to another line is known as:
Correct
Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) is an inter process communication system which allows data to be communicated or shared between the applications in operating systems such as Windows.
Incorrect
Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) is an inter process communication system which allows data to be communicated or shared between the applications in operating systems such as Windows.
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Question 16 of 158
16. Question
2 pointsNetworking of libraries through electronic media is known as:
Correct
INFLIBNETย (Information and Library Network) started as a project in 1991. In 1996, it became a UGC centre. The mission ofย INFLIBNETย is to create a virtual network of people and resources.
Incorrect
INFLIBNETย (Information and Library Network) started as a project in 1991. In 1996, it became a UGC centre. The mission ofย INFLIBNETย is to create a virtual network of people and resources.
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Question 17 of 158
17. Question
2 pointsCD ROM stands for:
Correct
CD-ROMย is aย CDย that can be read by a computer with an optical drive. The “ROM” part of the term means the data on theย discย is “read-only,” or cannot be altered or erased.
Incorrect
CD-ROMย is aย CDย that can be read by a computer with an optical drive. The “ROM” part of the term means the data on theย discย is “read-only,” or cannot be altered or erased.
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Question 18 of 158
18. Question
2 pointsThe ‘brain’ of a computer which keeps peripherals under its control is called:
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 19 of 158
19. Question
2 pointsData can be saved on backing storage medium known as : Correct
The mainย difference betweenย aย CD-R (Recordable) and aย CD-RW (Rewritable) is that theย CD-R can only be recorded to once, while aย CD-RW can be recorded to multiple times, like a hard drive.
Incorrect
The mainย difference betweenย aย CD-R (Recordable) and aย CD-RW (Rewritable) is that theย CD-R can only be recorded to once, while aย CD-RW can be recorded to multiple times, like a hard drive.
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Question 20 of 158
20. Question
2 pointsRAM means:
Correct
Random-access memoryย is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code.
Incorrect
Random-access memoryย is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code.
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Question 21 of 158
21. Question
2 pointswww represents:ย
Correct
The World Wide Web (WWW) is combination of all resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
Incorrect
The World Wide Web (WWW) is combination of all resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
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Question 22 of 158
22. Question
2 pointsWYSIWYG – describes the display of a document on screen as it will actually print:
Correct
Aย WYSIWYGย application is one that enables you to see on the display screen exactly what will appear when the document is printed.
Incorrect
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Question 23 of 158
23. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following is not a Computer language?
Correct
Pascal, developed about 1970 by Niklaus Wirth of Switzerland. FORTRAN language. Designed by John Backus for IBM in the late 1950s. COBOL developed in the late 1950s, and designed for business computer programs in industries such as finance and human resources.
Incorrect
Pascal, developed about 1970 by Niklaus Wirth of Switzerland. FORTRAN language. Designed by John Backus for IBM in the late 1950s. COBOL developed in the late 1950s, and designed for business computer programs in industries such as finance and human resources.
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Question 24 of 158
24. Question
2 pointsA key-board has at least:ย ย
Correct
A computer keyboard is an input device that allows a person to enter letters, numbers, and other symbols (these are called characters in a keyboard) into a computer. It is one of the most used input devices for computers.
Incorrect
A computer keyboard is an input device that allows a person to enter letters, numbers, and other symbols (these are called characters in a keyboard) into a computer. It is one of the most used input devices for computers.
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Question 25 of 158
25. Question
2 pointsAn E-mail address is composed of:ย
Correct
A valid email address is an address composed of two parts, a username and a domain name.
Incorrect
A valid email address is an address composed of two parts, a username and a domain name.
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Question 26 of 158
26. Question
2 pointsCorel Draw is a popular:ย ย ย ย ย
Correct
Coreldraw is vector based designing software which is used for creating logos, flexes, brochures, invitation cards and any kind of vector designing based on the lining.
Incorrect
Coreldraw is vector based designing software which is used for creating logos, flexes, brochures, invitation cards and any kind of vector designing based on the lining.
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Question 27 of 158
27. Question
2 pointsFirewalls are used to protect a communication network system against:
Correct
A firewall is a network security system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network.
Incorrect
A firewall is a network security system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network.
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Question 28 of 158
28. Question
2 pointsThe accounting software ‘Tally’ was developed by:
Correct
Tallyย solutions that was formed by Shyam Sundar Goenka son Bharat Goenka in 1986. It was a company that supplied raw materials and machine parts to plants and textile mills in southern and eastern India.
Incorrect
Tallyย solutions that was formed by Shyam Sundar Goenka son Bharat Goenka in 1986. It was a company that supplied raw materials and machine parts to plants and textile mills in southern and eastern India.
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Question 29 of 158
29. Question
2 pointsErrors in computer programmes are called:
Correct
In IT, aย bugย refers to anย error, fault or flaw in anyย computerย program or a hardware system. Aย bugย produces unexpected results or causes a system to behave unexpectedly.
Incorrect
In IT, aย bugย refers to anย error, fault or flaw in anyย computerย program or a hardware system. Aย bugย produces unexpected results or causes a system to behave unexpectedly.
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Question 30 of 158
30. Question
2 pointsHTML is basically used to design:
Correct
HTMLย is short for Hypertext Markup Language.ย HTMLย is used to create electronic documents (called pages) that are displayed on the World Wide Web.
Incorrect
HTMLย is short for Hypertext Markup Language.ย HTMLย is used to create electronic documents (called pages) that are displayed on the World Wide Web.
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Question 31 of 158
31. Question
2 points‘Micro Processing’is made for:
Correct
A microprocessor is a computerย processorย that incorporates the functions of a centralย processingย unit on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits.
Incorrect
A microprocessor is a computerย processorย that incorporates the functions of a centralย processingย unit on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits.
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Question 32 of 158
32. Question
2 pointsInformation, a combination of graphics, text, sound, video and animation is called:
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 33 of 158
33. Question
2 pointsWhat do you need to put your web pages on the www?
Correct
The World Wide Web, commonly known as the Web, is an information system where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators, which may be interlinked by hypertext, and are accessible over the Internet.
Incorrect
The World Wide Web, commonly known as the Web, is an information system where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators, which may be interlinked by hypertext, and are accessible over the Internet.
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Question 34 of 158
34. Question
2 pointsWhich was the first company to launch mobile phone services in India?
Correct
BPL Mobile Communications, established in 1994, was India’s first mobile network operator. BPL Mobile was renamed to Loop Mobile in March 2009.
Incorrect
BPL Mobile Communications, established in 1994, was India’s first mobile network operator. BPL Mobile was renamed to Loop Mobile in March 2009.
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Question 35 of 158
35. Question
2 pointsChandrayan I was launched on 22nd October, 2008 in India from:
Correct
Chandrayaan-1, India’s first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota.
Incorrect
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Question 36 of 158
36. Question
2 pointsWhat is blog?
Correct
A blog (shortening of โweblogโ) is an online journal or informational website displaying information in the reverse chronological order, with the latest posts appearing first.
Incorrect
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Question 37 of 158
37. Question
2 pointsWhich is not online Indian Matrimonial website?
Correct
Matrimonial websites, or marriage websites, are a variation of the standard dating websites. Matrimonial sites are popular in India and among Indians settled overseas, as an alternative to the traditional marriage broker.
Incorrect
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Question 38 of 158
38. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following is not related to information security on the Internet?
Correct
Information retrieval is the science of searching for information in a document, searching for documents themselves, and also searching for the metadata that describes data, and for databases of texts, images or sounds. (wikipedia)
Incorrect
Information retrieval is the science of searching for information in a document, searching for documents themselves, and also searching for the metadata that describes data, and for databases of texts, images or sounds. (wikipedia)
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Question 39 of 158
39. Question
2 pointsWhich is the largest unit of storage among the following?
Correct
Terabyte is more precisely defined as 1,024 gigabytes (GB), while a petabyte consists of 1,024 TB.
Incorrect
Terabyte is more precisely defined as 1,024 gigabytes (GB), while a petabyte consists of 1,024 TB.
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Question 40 of 158
40. Question
2 pointsbit stands for
Correct
A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1. (toppr.com)
Incorrect
A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1. (toppr.com)
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Question 41 of 158
41. Question
2 pointsWhich one of the following is not a linear data structure?
Correct
In the linear data structure, the data is organized in a linear order in which elements are linked one after the other.Examples of the linear data structure are array, queue, stack, linked list, etc. In contrast, tree and graph are the examples of the non-linear data structure. (techdifferences.com)
Incorrect
In the linear data structure, the data is organized in a linear order in which elements are linked one after the other.Examples of the linear data structure are array, queue, stack, linked list, etc. In contrast, tree and graph are the examples of the non-linear data structure. (techdifferences.com)
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Question 42 of 158
42. Question
2 pointsWhich one of the following is not a network device?
Correct
Networking devices may include gateways, routers, network bridges, modems, wireless access points, networking cables, line drivers, switches, hubs, and repeaters. (wikipedia)
Incorrect
Networking devices may include gateways, routers, network bridges, modems, wireless access points, networking cables, line drivers, switches, hubs, and repeaters. (wikipedia)
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Question 43 of 158
43. Question
2 pointsA compiler is used to convert the following to object code which can be executed
Correct
A compiler is a tool which is used to converts the text of a programming language (called source code) into machine code. (quora)
Incorrect
A compiler is a tool which is used to converts the text of a programming language (called source code) into machine code. (quora)
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Question 44 of 158
44. Question
2 pointsWhich number system is usually followed in a typical 32-bit computer?
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 45 of 158
45. Question
2 pointsWhich one of the following is an example of Operating System?
Correct
An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.(tutorialspoint)
Incorrect
An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.(tutorialspoint)
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Question 46 of 158
46. Question
2 pointsWhich one of the following represents the binary equivalent of the decimal number 23?
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 47 of 158
47. Question
2 pointsWhich one of the following is different from other members?
Correct
Windows, Linux, Mac are operating system whereas Google is a search engine.
Incorrect
Windows, Linux, Mac are operating system whereas Google is a search engine.
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Question 48 of 158
48. Question
2 pointsWhere does a computer add and compare its data?
Correct
A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital data using one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material. (wikipedia)
Incorrect
A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital data using one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material. (wikipedia)
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Question 49 of 158
49. Question
2 pointsComputers on an internet are identified by
Correct
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. (wikipedia)
Incorrect
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. (wikipedia)
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Question 50 of 158
50. Question
2 pointsWhich one of the following is not an Internet Service Provider (ISP)?
Correct
An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides customers with Internet access. Data may be transmitted using several technologies, including dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed interconnects. (technopedia.com)
Incorrect
An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides customers with Internet access. Data may be transmitted using several technologies, including dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed interconnects. (technopedia.com)
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Question 51 of 158
51. Question
2 pointsThe hexadecimal number system consists of the symbols
Correct
The hexadecimal numeral system, often shortened to “hex”, is a numeral system made up of 16 symbols (base 16). The standard numeral system is called decimal (base 10) and uses ten symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Hexadecimal uses the decimal numbers and six extra symbols. (simple.wikipedia.org)
Incorrect
The hexadecimal numeral system, often shortened to “hex”, is a numeral system made up of 16 symbols (base 16). The standard numeral system is called decimal (base 10) and uses ten symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Hexadecimal uses the decimal numbers and six extra symbols. (simple.wikipedia.org)
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Question 52 of 158
52. Question
2 pointsThe binary equivalent of (โ15)10ย is (2โs complement system is used)
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 53 of 158
53. Question
2 points1 GB is equal to
Correct
Gigabyte is the unit of digital information with prefix giga (109). 1 Gigabyte is equal to 1,000,000,000 bytes = 109 bytes in decimal (SI). 1 Gigabyte is equal to 1,073,741,824 bytes = 230 bytes in binary. (gbmb.com)
Incorrect
Gigabyte is the unit of digital information with prefix giga (109). 1 Gigabyte is equal to 1,000,000,000 bytes = 109 bytes in decimal (SI). 1 Gigabyte is equal to 1,073,741,824 bytes = 230 bytes in binary. (gbmb.com)
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Question 54 of 158
54. Question
2 pointsThe set of computer programs that manage the hardware/software of a computer is called
Correct
Some examples of operating system include versions of Microsoft Windows (like Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP), Apple’s macOS (formerly OS X), Chrome OS, BlackBerry Tablet OS, and flavors of the open source operating system Linux.(lifewire.com)
Incorrect
Some examples of operating system include versions of Microsoft Windows (like Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP), Apple’s macOS (formerly OS X), Chrome OS, BlackBerry Tablet OS, and flavors of the open source operating system Linux.(lifewire.com)
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Question 55 of 158
55. Question
2 pointsS/MIME in Internet technology stands for
Correct
S/MIME (Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a widely accepted method (or more precisely, a protocol) for sending digitally signed and encrypted messages. S/MIME allows you to encrypt emails and digitally sign them. It also helps enhance privacy and data security (using encryption) for electronic messaging. (docs. microsoft.com)
Incorrect
S/MIME (Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a widely accepted method (or more precisely, a protocol) for sending digitally signed and encrypted messages. S/MIME allows you to encrypt emails and digitally sign them. It also helps enhance privacy and data security (using encryption) for electronic messaging. (docs. microsoft.com)
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Question 56 of 158
56. Question
2 pointsoctal number system consists of the following symbols :
Correct
The octal numeral system, or oct for short, is the base-8 number system, and uses the digits 0 to 7. Octal numerals can be made from binary numerals by grouping consecutive binary digits into groups of three (starting from the right). For example, the binary representation for decimal 74 is 1001010. (wikipedia)
Incorrect
The octal numeral system, or oct for short, is the base-8 number system, and uses the digits 0 to 7. Octal numerals can be made from binary numerals by grouping consecutive binary digits into groups of three (starting from the right). For example, the binary representation for decimal 74 is 1001010. (wikipedia)
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Question 57 of 158
57. Question
2 pointsThe binary equivalent of (โ19)10ย in signed magnitude system is
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 58 of 158
58. Question
2 pointsDNS in internet technology stands for
Correct
The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which internet domain names are located and translated into internet protocol (IP) addresses. (searchworking.techtarget)
Incorrect
The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which internet domain names are located and translated into internet protocol (IP) addresses. (searchworking.techtarget)
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Question 59 of 158
59. Question
2 pointsHTML stands for
Correct
HTML is used to create electronic documents (called pages) that are displayed on the World Wide Web. Each page contains a series of connections to other pages called hyperlinks. (computerhope.com)
Incorrect
HTML is used to create electronic documents (called pages) that are displayed on the World Wide Web. Each page contains a series of connections to other pages called hyperlinks. (computerhope.com)
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Question 60 of 158
60. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following is type of LAN?
Correct
Ethernet is the technology that is most commonly used in wired local area networks (LANs). A LAN is a network of computers and other electronic devices that covers a small area such as a room, office, or building. (lifewire.com)
Incorrect
Ethernet is the technology that is most commonly used in wired local area networks (LANs). A LAN is a network of computers and other electronic devices that covers a small area such as a room, office, or building. (lifewire.com)
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Question 61 of 158
61. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following statements is true?
Correct
A smart card is a physical card that has an embedded integrated chip that acts as a security token. (searchsecurity.techtarget)
Incorrect
A smart card is a physical card that has an embedded integrated chip that acts as a security token. (searchsecurity.techtarget)
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Question 62 of 158
62. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following operating system is used on mobile phones?
Correct
Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
Incorrect
Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
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Question 63 of 158
63. Question
2 pointsIf (y)xย represents a number y in base x, then which of the following numbers is smallest of all ?
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 64 of 158
64. Question
2 pointsHigh level programming language can be converted to machine language using which of the following?
Correct
A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a particular programming language and turns them into machine language or “code” that a computer’s processor uses.
Incorrect
A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a particular programming language and turns them into machine language or “code” that a computer’s processor uses.
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Question 65 of 158
65. Question
2 pointsHTML is used to create
Correct
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It allows the user to create and structure sections, paragraphs, headings, links, and blockquotes for web pages and applications.
Incorrect
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It allows the user to create and structure sections, paragraphs, headings, links, and blockquotes for web pages and applications.
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Question 66 of 158
66. Question
2 pointsThe term DNS stands for
Correct
The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which internet domain names are located and translated into internet protocol (IP) addresses. The domain name system maps the name people use to locate a website to the IP address that a computer uses to locate a website.
Incorrect
The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which internet domain names are located and translated into internet protocol (IP) addresses. The domain name system maps the name people use to locate a website to the IP address that a computer uses to locate a website.
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Question 67 of 158
67. Question
2 pointsIPv4 and IPv6 are addresses used to identify computers on the internet.
Find the correct statement out of the following:
Correct
IPv4 is a 32-Bit IP Address. IPv6 is 128 Bit IP Address. IPv4 is a numeric address, and its binary bits are separated by a dot (.) IPv6 is an alphanumeric address whose binary bits are separated by a colon (:).
Incorrect
IPv4 is a 32-Bit IP Address. IPv6 is 128 Bit IP Address. IPv4 is a numeric address, and its binary bits are separated by a dot (.) IPv6 is an alphanumeric address whose binary bits are separated by a colon (:).
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Question 68 of 158
68. Question
2 pointsTCP/IP is necessary if one is to connect to the
Correct
TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP can also be used as a communications protocol in a private computer network (an intranet or an extranet).
Incorrect
TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP can also be used as a communications protocol in a private computer network (an intranet or an extranet).
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Question 69 of 158
69. Question
2 pointsEach character on the keyboard of computer has an ASCII value which stands for
Correct
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most common format for text files in computers and on the Internet. In an ASCII file, each alphabetic, numeric, or special character is represented with a 7-bit binary number (a string of seven 0s or 1s).
Incorrect
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most common format for text files in computers and on the Internet. In an ASCII file, each alphabetic, numeric, or special character is represented with a 7-bit binary number (a string of seven 0s or 1s).
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Question 70 of 158
70. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following is not a programming language ?
Correct
A programming language is a vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer or computing device to perform specific tasks. The term programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, Java, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal.
Incorrect
A programming language is a vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer or computing device to perform specific tasks. The term programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, Java, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal.
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Question 71 of 158
71. Question
2 pointsMinimum number of bits required to store any 3 digit decimal number is equal to
Correct
Using the above formula you’ll see that the smallest four-digit number, 1000, requires 10 bits, and the largest four-digit number, 9999, requires 14 bits. The number of bits varies between those extremes.
Incorrect
Using the above formula you’ll see that the smallest four-digit number, 1000, requires 10 bits, and the largest four-digit number, 9999, requires 14 bits. The number of bits varies between those extremes.
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Question 72 of 158
72. Question
2 pointsInternet explorer is a type of
Correct
Internet Explorer is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year.
Incorrect
Internet Explorer is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year.
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Question 73 of 158
73. Question
2 pointsPOP3 and IMAP are e-mail accounts in which
Correct
IMAP and POP3 are the two most commonly used Internet mail protocols for retrieving emails. Both protocols are supported by all modern email clients and web servers. While the POP3 protocol assumes that your email is being accessed only from one application, IMAP allows simultaneous access by multiple clients.
Incorrect
IMAP and POP3 are the two most commonly used Internet mail protocols for retrieving emails. Both protocols are supported by all modern email clients and web servers. While the POP3 protocol assumes that your email is being accessed only from one application, IMAP allows simultaneous access by multiple clients.
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Question 74 of 158
74. Question
2 pointsALU stands for
Correct
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. It represents the fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer.
Incorrect
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. It represents the fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer.
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Question 75 of 158
75. Question
2 pointsA Personal Computer uses a number of chips mounted on a circuit board called
Correct
A motherboard is one of the most essential parts of a computer system. It holds together many of the crucial components of a computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory and connectors for input and output devices.
Incorrect
A motherboard is one of the most essential parts of a computer system. It holds together many of the crucial components of a computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory and connectors for input and output devices.
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Question 76 of 158
76. Question
2 pointsComputer Virus is a
Correct
A computer virus is a type of computer program that, when executed, replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and inserting its own code. When this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be “infected” with a computer virus.
Incorrect
A computer virus is a type of computer program that, when executed, replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and inserting its own code. When this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be “infected” with a computer virus.
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Question 77 of 158
77. Question
2 pointsWhich one of the following is correct?
Correct
Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.
Incorrect
Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.
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Question 78 of 158
78. Question
2 pointsThe file extension of MS-Word document in Office 2007 is _______.
Correct
Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.
Incorrect
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Question 79 of 158
79. Question
2 points_______ is a protocol used by e-mail clients to download e-mails to your computer.
Correct
Post Office Protocol (POP) is a type of computer networking and Internet standard protocol that extracts and retrieves email from a remote mail server for access by the host machine. POP is an application layer protocol in the OSI model that provides end users the ability to fetch and receive email.
Incorrect
Post Office Protocol (POP) is a type of computer networking and Internet standard protocol that extracts and retrieves email from a remote mail server for access by the host machine. POP is an application layer protocol in the OSI model that provides end users the ability to fetch and receive email.
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Question 80 of 158
80. Question
2 pointsโwwwโ stands for
Correct
The World Wide Web (WWW) is combination of all resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
Incorrect
The World Wide Web (WWW) is combination of all resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
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Question 81 of 158
81. Question
2 pointsA hard disk is divided into tracks which is further subdivided into
Correct
In computer disk storage, a sector is a subdivision of a track on a magnetic disk or optical disc. Each sector stores a fixed amount of user-accessible data, traditionally 512 bytes for hard disk drives (HDDs) and 2048 bytes for CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs.
Incorrect
In computer disk storage, a sector is a subdivision of a track on a magnetic disk or optical disc. Each sector stores a fixed amount of user-accessible data, traditionally 512 bytes for hard disk drives (HDDs) and 2048 bytes for CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs.
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Question 82 of 158
82. Question
2 pointsA computer program that translates a program statement by statement into machine languages is called a/an
Correct
An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code. Examples of interpreted languages are Perl, Python and Matlab.
Incorrect
An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code. Examples of interpreted languages are Perl, Python and Matlab.
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Question 83 of 158
83. Question
2 pointsA Gigabyte is equal to
Correct
A gigabyte (GB), sometimes abbreviated as a gig, is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices.
Incorrect
A gigabyte (GB), sometimes abbreviated as a gig, is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices.
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Question 84 of 158
84. Question
2 pointsA Compiler is a software which converts
Correct
A compiler is a tool that is used to converts the text of a programming language (called source code) into machine code.
Incorrect
A compiler is a tool that is used to converts the text of a programming language (called source code) into machine code.
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Question 85 of 158
85. Question
2 pointsVirtual memory is
Correct
Virtual memory is a memory management capability of an operating system (OS) that uses hardware and software to allow a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages by temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.
Incorrect
Virtual memory is a memory management capability of an operating system (OS) that uses hardware and software to allow a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages by temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.
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Question 86 of 158
86. Question
2 pointsThe Internet ethical protocol is called
Correct
Online etiquette is ingrained into culture, although etiquette in technology is a fairly recent concept. The rules of etiquette that apply when communicating over the Internet or social networks or devices are different from those applied when communicating in person or by audio or videophone.
Incorrect
Online etiquette is ingrained into culture, although etiquette in technology is a fairly recent concept. The rules of etiquette that apply when communicating over the Internet or social networks or devices are different from those applied when communicating in person or by audio or videophone.
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Question 87 of 158
87. Question
2 pointsCommercial messages on the net are identified as
Correct
A webmercial is a 30 to 60 second commercial about your business or organization that appears on your website or somewhere else on the Internet. Like television advertisements, webmercials are predicated on the notion that, when millions of people regularly turn their attention to a particular information and entertainment medium, that medium becomes an optimal venue for promoting business interest.
Incorrect
A webmercial is a 30 to 60 second commercial about your business or organization that appears on your website or somewhere else on the Internet. Like television advertisements, webmercials are predicated on the notion that, when millions of people regularly turn their attention to a particular information and entertainment medium, that medium becomes an optimal venue for promoting business interest.
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Question 88 of 158
88. Question
2 pointsManuel Castelle was the first to use the term
Correct
The definition of a network society given by the foremost theorist of the concept, Manuel Castells (2004 p. 3) is that it is ‘a society whose social structure is made up of networks powered by micro-electronics-based information and communications technologies.’
Incorrect
The definition of a network society given by the foremost theorist of the concept, Manuel Castells (2004 p. 3) is that it is ‘a society whose social structure is made up of networks powered by micro-electronics-based information and communications technologies.’
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Question 89 of 158
89. Question
2 pointsGIF stands for
Correct
The Graphics Interchange Format is a bitmap image format that was developed by a team at the online services provider CompuServe led by American computer scientist Steve Wilhite on June 15, 1987.
Incorrect
The Graphics Interchange Format is a bitmap image format that was developed by a team at the online services provider CompuServe led by American computer scientist Steve Wilhite on June 15, 1987.
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Question 90 of 158
90. Question
2 pointsWhich one of the following is not an Operating System ?
Correct
Solaris is a non-free Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems.
AIX is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms.
Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds.
Mozilla Firefox, or simply Firefox, is a free and open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, Mozilla Corporation.
Incorrect
Solaris is a non-free Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems.
AIX is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms.
Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds.
Mozilla Firefox, or simply Firefox, is a free and open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, Mozilla Corporation.
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Question 91 of 158
91. Question
2 pointsThe acronym FTP stands for
Correct
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard Internet protocol for transmitting files between computers on the Internet over TCP/IP connections. TCP/IP is basically the language that the Internet uses to carry out commands.
Incorrect
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard Internet protocol for transmitting files between computers on the Internet over TCP/IP connections. TCP/IP is basically the language that the Internet uses to carry out commands.
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Question 92 of 158
92. Question
2 pointsWhich one of the following is not a/an image/graphic file format?
Correct
The main pieces of a GUI are a pointer, icons, windows, menus, scroll bars, and an intuitive input device.
Incorrect
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Question 93 of 158
93. Question
2 pointsThe first Web Browser is
Correct
The World Wide Web (WWW) is combination of all resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
Incorrect
The World Wide Web (WWW) is combination of all resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
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Question 94 of 158
94. Question
2 pointsWhen a computer is booting, BIOS is loaded to the memory by
Correct
BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a personal computer’s microprocessor uses to get the computer system started after you turn it on. It also manages data flow between the computer’s operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.
Incorrect
BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a personal computer’s microprocessor uses to get the computer system started after you turn it on. It also manages data flow between the computer’s operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.
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Question 95 of 158
95. Question
2 pointsWhich one of the following is not the same as the other three?
Correct
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.
Incorrect
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.
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Question 96 of 158
96. Question
2 pointsIdentify the IP address from the following
Correct
An IP address is written in “dotted decimal” notation, which is 4 sets of numbers separated by period each set representing an 8-bit number ranging from (0-255). An example of an IPv4 address is 216.3. 128.12, which is the IP address previously assigned to iplocation.net.
Incorrect
An IP address is written in “dotted decimal” notation, which is 4 sets of numbers separated by period each set representing an 8-bit number ranging from (0-255). An example of an IPv4 address is 216.3. 128.12, which is the IP address previously assigned to iplocation.net.
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Question 97 of 158
97. Question
2 pointsCSS stands for
Correct
Cascading Style Sheets is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language like HTML. CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript.
Incorrect
Cascading Style Sheets is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language like HTML. CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript.
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Question 98 of 158
98. Question
2 pointsMOOC stands for
Correct
A massive open online course is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web.
Incorrect
A massive open online course is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web.
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Question 99 of 158
99. Question
2 pointsBinary equivalent of decimal number 35 is
Correct
An easy method of converting decimal to binary number equivalents is to write down the decimal number and to continually divide-by-2 (two) to give a result and a remainder of either a โ1โ or a โ0โ until the final result equals zero.
Incorrect
An easy method of converting decimal to binary number equivalents is to write down the decimal number and to continually divide-by-2 (two) to give a result and a remainder of either a โ1โ or a โ0โ until the final result equals zero.
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Question 100 of 158
100. Question
2 pointsgif, jpg, bmp, png are used as extensions for files which store
Correct
Image file formats are standardized means of organizing and storing digital images.
Incorrect
Image file formats are standardized means of organizing and storing digital images.
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Question 101 of 158
101. Question
2 pointsSymbols A-F are used in which one of the following?
Correct
The hexadecimal numeral system, often shortened to “hex”, is a numeral system made up of 16 symbols (base 16). The standard numeral system is called decimal (base 10) and uses ten symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Hexadecimal uses the decimal numbers and six extra symbols.
Incorrect
The hexadecimal numeral system, often shortened to “hex”, is a numeral system made up of 16 symbols (base 16). The standard numeral system is called decimal (base 10) and uses ten symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Hexadecimal uses the decimal numbers and six extra symbols.
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Question 102 of 158
102. Question
2 pointsWhich one of the following is not a search engine?
Correct
Google Chrome is a cross-platform web browser developed by Google. It was first released in 2008 for Microsoft Windows, and was later ported to Linux, macOS, iOS, and Android. The browser is also the main component of Chrome OS, where it serves as the platform for web apps.
Incorrect
Google Chrome is a cross-platform web browser developed by Google. It was first released in 2008 for Microsoft Windows, and was later ported to Linux, macOS, iOS, and Android. The browser is also the main component of Chrome OS, where it serves as the platform for web apps.
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Question 103 of 158
103. Question
2 pointsDigital Empowerment means
(i) Universal digit literacy
(ii) Universal access to all digital resources
(iii) Collaborative digital platform for participative governance.
(iv) Probability of all entitlements for individuals through cloud.
Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
Correct
The term digital empowerment is defined by the Makinen (2006) , refers to the ability of an individual to use digital technologies effectively in order to develop life skills and strengthen his or her capacity within the information society. (researchgate.net)
Incorrect
The term digital empowerment is defined by the Makinen (2006) , refers to the ability of an individual to use digital technologies effectively in order to develop life skills and strengthen his or her capacity within the information society. (researchgate.net)
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Question 104 of 158
104. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following represents one billion characters?
Correct
The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means 109 in the International System of Units (SI).
Incorrect
The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means 109 in the International System of Units (SI).
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Question 105 of 158
105. Question
2 pointsWhich one of the following represents the binary equivalent of the decimal number 25?
Correct
An easy method of converting decimal to binary number equivalents is to write down the decimal number and to continually divide-by-2 (two) to give a result and a remainder of either a โ1โ or a โ0โ until the final result equals zero. So for example. Convert the decimal number 29410 into its binary number equivalent.
Incorrect
An easy method of converting decimal to binary number equivalents is to write down the decimal number and to continually divide-by-2 (two) to give a result and a remainder of either a โ1โ or a โ0โ until the final result equals zero. So for example. Convert the decimal number 29410 into its binary number equivalent.
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Question 106 of 158
106. Question
2 pointsEncoding or scrambling data for transmission across a network is known as:
Correct
Encryption is a process that encodes a message or file so that it can be only be read by certain people. Encryption uses an algorithm to scramble, or encrypt, data and then uses a key for the receiving party to unscramble, or decrypt, the information.
Incorrect
Encryption is a process that encodes a message or file so that it can be only be read by certain people. Encryption uses an algorithm to scramble, or encrypt, data and then uses a key for the receiving party to unscramble, or decrypt, the information.
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Question 107 of 158
107. Question
2 pointsCivil Service Day is celebrated in India on:
Correct
The Civil Service Day is celebrated on 21 April every year. The purpose for this day is to rededicate and recommit themselves to the cause of the people. This day gives civil servants the opportunity for introspection and thinking about future strategies to deal with the challenges being posed by the changing times.
Incorrect
The Civil Service Day is celebrated on 21 April every year. The purpose for this day is to rededicate and recommit themselves to the cause of the people. This day gives civil servants the opportunity for introspection and thinking about future strategies to deal with the challenges being posed by the changing times.
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Question 108 of 158
108. Question
2 pointsWhich is an instant messenger that is used for chatting?
Correct
Google Talk, also known as Google Chat, was an instant messaging service that provided both text and voice communication. The instant messaging service was variously referred to colloquially as Gchat, Gtalk, or Gmessage among its users.
Incorrect
Google Talk, also known as Google Chat, was an instant messaging service that provided both text and voice communication. The instant messaging service was variously referred to colloquially as Gchat, Gtalk, or Gmessage among its users.
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Question 109 of 158
109. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following is not an output device?
Correct
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into human-readable form. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video. Some of the output devices are Visual Display Units (VDU) i.e. a Monitor, Printer, Graphic Output devices, Plotters, Speakers etc.
Incorrect
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into human-readable form. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video. Some of the output devices are Visual Display Units (VDU) i.e. a Monitor, Printer, Graphic Output devices, Plotters, Speakers etc.
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Question 110 of 158
110. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following is not open source software?
Correct
Open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance. “Source code” is the part of software that most computer users don’t ever see; it’s the code computer programmers can manipulate to change how a piece of softwareโa “program” or “application”โworks.ย Prime examples of open-source products are the Apache HTTP Server, the e-commerce platform osCommerce, internet browsers Mozilla Firefox and Chromium.
Incorrect
Open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance. “Source code” is the part of software that most computer users don’t ever see; it’s the code computer programmers can manipulate to change how a piece of softwareโa “program” or “application”โworks.ย Prime examples of open-source products are the Apache HTTP Server, the e-commerce platform osCommerce, internet browsers Mozilla Firefox and Chromium.
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Question 111 of 158
111. Question
2 pointsNMEICT stands for:
Correct
The National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been envisaged as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme to leverage the potential of ICT, in teaching and learning process for the benefit of all the learners in Higher Education Institutions in any time any where mode.
Incorrect
The National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been envisaged as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme to leverage the potential of ICT, in teaching and learning process for the benefit of all the learners in Higher Education Institutions in any time any where mode.
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Question 112 of 158
112. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following is an instant messaging application?
(a) WhatsApp
(b) Google Talk
(c) Viber
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
Correct
Rakuten Viber is a cross-platform voice over IP and instant messaging software application operated by Japanese multinational company Rakuten.
WhatsApp Messenger (2009), or simply WhatsApp, is an American freeware, cross-platform messaging and Voice over IP service owned by Facebook, Inc.
Incorrect
Rakuten Viber is a cross-platform voice over IP and instant messaging software application operated by Japanese multinational company Rakuten.
WhatsApp Messenger (2009), or simply WhatsApp, is an American freeware, cross-platform messaging and Voice over IP service owned by Facebook, Inc.
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Question 113 of 158
113. Question
2 pointsIn a Computer a byte generally consists of:
Correct
Each 1 or 0 in a binary number is called a bit. From there, a group of 4 bits is called a nibble, and 8-bits makes a byte. Bytes are a pretty common buzzword when working in binary.
Incorrect
Each 1 or 0 in a binary number is called a bit. From there, a group of 4 bits is called a nibble, and 8-bits makes a byte. Bytes are a pretty common buzzword when working in binary.
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Question 114 of 158
114. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following is not an input device?
Correct
In computing, an input device is a piece of computer hardware equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras, joysticks, and microphones.
Incorrect
In computing, an input device is a piece of computer hardware equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras, joysticks, and microphones.
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Question 115 of 158
115. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following is an open source software?
Correct
Open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance. “Source code” is the part of software that most computer users don’t ever see; it’s the code computer programmers can manipulate to change how a piece of softwareโa “program” or “application”โworks.ย Prime examples of open-source products are the Apache HTTP Server, the e-commerce platform osCommerce, internet browsers Mozilla Firefox and Chromium.
Incorrect
Open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance. “Source code” is the part of software that most computer users don’t ever see; it’s the code computer programmers can manipulate to change how a piece of softwareโa “program” or “application”โworks.ย Prime examples of open-source products are the Apache HTTP Server, the e-commerce platform osCommerce, internet browsers Mozilla Firefox and Chromium.
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Question 116 of 158
116. Question
2 pointsWhich of the following enables us to send the same letter to different persons in MS Word?
Correct
Mail merge consists in combining mail and letters and pre-addressed envelopes or mailing labels for mass mailings from a form letter. Microsoft Word can insert content from a database, spreadsheet, or table into Word documents.
Incorrect
Mail merge consists in combining mail and letters and pre-addressed envelopes or mailing labels for mass mailings from a form letter. Microsoft Word can insert content from a database, spreadsheet, or table into Word documents.
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Question 117 of 158
117. Question
2 pointsโ is a type of memory circuitry that holds the computerโs start-up routine.
Correct
ROM is a type of memory circuitry that holds the computer’s startup routine Permanent and non-volatile The ROM BIOS tells the computer how to access the hard disk, find the operating system, and load it into RAM.
Incorrect
ROM is a type of memory circuitry that holds the computer’s startup routine Permanent and non-volatile The ROM BIOS tells the computer how to access the hard disk, find the operating system, and load it into RAM.
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Question 118 of 158
118. Question
2 pointsASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most common format for text files in computers and on the Internet. In an ASCII file, each alphabetic, numeric, or special character is represented with a 7-bit binary number (a string of seven 0s or 1s). 128 possible characters are defined.
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 119 of 158
119. Question
2 pointsAn unsolicited e-mail message sent to many recipients at once is a________
Correct
Email spam, also referred to as junk email, is unsolicited messages sent in bulk by email (spamming).
Incorrect
Email spam, also referred to as junk email, is unsolicited messages sent in bulk by email (spamming).
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Question 120 of 158
120. Question
2 pointsThe statement โthe study, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardwareโ refers to